Why Absolutely Everybody Is Talking About Opposition Essay Topics

Why Absolutely Everybody Is Talking About Opposition Essay Topics New Ideas Into Opposition Essay Topics Never Before Revealed Debating is a helpful practice for all people because of the experience and skills it offers you. In your essay, you wish to consider about the way in which the opposition would react to your claims and respond to them. Even in states with elevated levels of repression it's rare to come across no trace of opposition. Each of these forms of paper is owned by the category of informative essay. Although the span of the topic will mostly depend on the duration of an essay you're going to write, it is is still recommended to choose one definite question and adhere to it in your work. Remain realistic and select a topic you are able to research. Showing awareness about recent changes in the subject you're writing on is very important to win a fantastic grade. The SSAT essay is the initial portion of the SSAT exam. The authentic leadership essay is simple to read and understand. Picking the most suitable essay topic can occasionally be rather tricky. There are several interesting and challenging Shakespeare essay topics to pick from. Year round school isn't a good idea. You will be assigned a topic, or your professor will enable you to select your own. Winston Churchill gave a very good speech and he was an excellent communicator are the exact same ideas. The teacher won't finish the assignment. Top Opposition Essay Topics Choices Thus, the function of opposition is extremely much needed to make sure the successful running of the government in power. Not each time you prepare for debate you'll need to be serious. Frequently, the opposition has an extremely valid disagreement against your position, so valid that it may let you rethink your position. The party that's out of the government at a certain point of time is known as the opposition party. If you take part in debates, it's possible to also develop your research, note-taking, and analytical abilities, in addition to gain the capability to create balanced, informed arguments and utilize evidence and reasoning. The most frequently encountered difficulty is to select a debate topic for students. If you don't have a chance to go somewhere, support someone financially. The issue is that everybody's interpretation of what makes a great society differs. No matter what type of essay you're writing, a strong plan will allow you to have a larger impact. Even the leader of opposition is provided an honourable spot. You are able to look at involving a third party to your work that may reread it for you before you finish the last draft. Controversial issues are happening all of the time, all you have to do is turn on the news and you're able to locate a huge choice of topics to select from. Education scholars are continuously evolving the way that they think about how we learn and what's taught. Ultimately, be sure that the topic you select can be supported by some factual evidence. There are a lot of things to debate about but it's not so simple to opt for the suitable topic which will be interesting for most students.

Argumentative Essay Topics On Softball Bats

Argumentative Essay Topics On Softball BatsIf you want to write a winning argumentative essay, then you will need to read a lot of different argumentative essay topics on softball bats. You should read several essays in advance, so that you can understand the topics. The authors who are able to write good arguments in this topic usually have very good writing skills generally. You can also learn from them what they did to make their arguments excellent.An argumentative essay on the topic of softball bats is about bat use, safety, and about children's health. When you read the topic you will see many arguments on safety, bat types, and parental influence on child's safety. The topics will help you analyze the effect of children on society and individual rights, and will also show how it can affect your children's lives.There are lots of issues about bat use, and about the bat types. There are lots of debate about what kind of bat to use. Parents should think about this before they cho ose a type of bat. Bat safety has to be considered, since it has the potential to cause a great deal of harm if it is not used properly.When you read the article topics you will see what causes concern to these issues. You can learn how parents can contribute to the safe use of bats and in general improve the future safety of their children. It will also help you determine how to protect your child from the abuse of other children, since the online essay is very useful for this.Argumentative essay topics on softball bats is very useful, as there are many different topics. There are several topics on personal responsibility and how to improve one's personal responsibility. It will help you examine a parent's actions, and how they affect other people in their family. The essay topics will help you learn about the personal responsibility to make sure that you take care of yourself.In addition to this, there are also essay topics which discuss personal responsibility for the environment . There are many individuals who have done something wrong in the past, and that was causing pollution to become a problem. An argumentative essay on this topic will show you how you can not only take care of your environment, but also to improve it. These topics will help you learn what the environment should be like.There are also essay topics on the use of softball bats. These topics can help you gain knowledge on the different types of softball bats. This is the best way to research the different types of softball bats available. The website will give you the facts about bats in general, including the types of bats, different brands, the strengths and weaknesses of each type, the price, and the qualities.There are many different topics to consider when reading the essay topics. You will get to know what topics are important and what topics are not so important. You will also get to learn more about the individual and group responsibility for various issues. An argumentative essa y on the topic of softball bats will also give you useful information, especially if you want to write an essay on the topic of the issue in general.

Whatever They Told You About Is the Essay Score Important for the Sat and College Is Dead Wrong...And Heres Why

Whatever They Told You About Is the Essay Score Important for the Sat and College Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why The Most Popular Is the Essay Score Important for the Sat and College Ultimately, the new essay is an entirely optional section of the exam. While the questions are usually not as hard as on the SAT, this will nonetheless offer you a good idea of your abilities, wherever your strengths and weakness lie, and steer you in the correct direction for SAT prep study purposes. Now determine the demands of their admission approach. When you're doing your high school course planning it's important to take into account the needs of the colleges you may be considering attending. The registration needs to be under your kid's name and connected to your youngster's College Board online account. Finding the correct college is a practice. See your guidance counselor for more info. Earning full marks for your analysis is simply as difficult since you have to demonstrate higher- level insight and comprehension of the passage's structure and data. A highly effective essay could be the 1 portion of the application that gets you noticed, and because of this, gets you in. The essay portion is the sole portion of the application in which you have complete control, so benefit from it and express your individuality. Make certain your essay evaluates the way the author utilizes evidence, reasoning, and stylistic elements to generate their point. A potent essay could make your readers feel they just had lunch alongside you. Imagine you're the king of a huge empire. Essay an actual muslim quotations. Note that you may only use approved calculators on the calculator subsection, which usually means you are unable to use your mobile phone. This information will allow you to find out where you wish to go and what scores will be able to help you get there. Students in the lower 25% of the score range are likely to want different strengths to create their applicati ons stick out. With the suitable amount of time and effort dedicated, you ought to be in a position to achieve your score. Generally speaking, then, schools really examine the score, but it's not among the most important portions of your application or even your SAT score. There is, in addition, the dilemma of weighted GPAs. It's essential for students to comprehend the new SAT scores before diving into the most up-to-date edition of the test. On the 1 hand, percentile scores on this kind of imperfect measure can be quite misleading. You might also want to select the PSAT if you're a junior in high school. Admissions officers at top-ranked universities don't use the SAT to figure out whether or not a student is college-ready. If you're searching for Austin SAT prep to acquire an academic edge, Varsity Tutors is the sole company you need to understand about. Every high school student in the usa will choose the PSAT at the start of their Junior year. Is the Essay Score Important for the Sat and College Averages, but don't really let you know what type of score you're likely to require for selecti ve colleges and universities. Most colleges will probably not inform you what that threshold is. The admission board will probably would like to understand what makes you special. It is essential for the student to look at the essays not as an obstacle to fear, but instead as a chance to talk directly with the admissions committee. Due to coursework limitations, students with over 40 hours of college credit aren't eligible to take part in TEAM. Due to coursework limitations, they are not eligible to participate in the Gateway program. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Is the Essay Score Important for the Sat and College It is very important that a Why College Essay isn't in any way generic. Compass' content experts also have written a piece on how best to attack the ACT essay. Essay about maintiaining a great relationships. There are a few schools that won't look at the SAT essay with your application. While there are numerous tactics to enhance the caliber of your SAT essay, there are 3 critical measures you may take to find the greatest possible SAT essay score. A standard question regarding SAT scores is whether the entire mess can be prevented by skipping the essay. For college-bound students that are most likely to take the SAT, the normal Math score is a bit over 530.

Essay Topics - Why Not Essay About Existentialism?

Essay Topics - Why Not Essay About Existentialism?You may be thinking of taking up existentialism as a way to deal with your own life. It is important to remember that it is only a way to deal with your life, not your life itself.Reading it as something to aspire to is different. It is an ideal that you need to create for yourself. You need to be able to live by it yourself. And you must be willing to practice every day.Essays do not have to be long. They can be short and simple or they can be long and complex. But they should not be so long that they are tedious. You should get your point across while making it brief and to the point.You need to make your topic compelling enough. Do not just state your opinion without saying anything. Use examples to show your point. There is always a better alternative to what you are expressing in your essay.The best essay topics are those that are written by someone who has done it before. Find an essay by somebody who has experienced it themselv es. Use what they write to guide you. Read them to find out what types of things you need to avoid in writing your own essay. Then you will be able to use the things they mention.Learn from people who have gone through what you are going through now. Do not do your homework for you but read their articles to get some inspiration. It is wise to know that you will never come up with the perfect essay; many others have gone through the same thing.Essay topics are very general. You need to have something that is universal to share with your reader. You need to make your thoughts accessible to your readers no matter where they live, how they feel about the world, or what they want to believe.Because existentialism essay topics are very general, you can work on several subjects at the same time. Each should fit a theme so you can write a different essay from the previous one.

The Latest Advances In Drug Manipulations Of The I Essay Example For Students

The Latest Advances In Drug Manipulations Of The I Essay mmune SystemINTRODUCTIONIn order to provide a detailed analysis of recent pharmacological developments involving the human immune system, it is firstly necessary to introduce the innate and adaptive immune responses . Immunosuppressants and immunomodulators will be differentiated between and a selection of new and often experimental drugs belonging to each category will be provided. Specific drugs will be described including the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics involved with each type. The possible clinical uses will be alluded to along with details from recent research. INNATE IMMUNITYInnate immunity is the first line of defence and comprises physical (skin), biochemical (complement, lysozyme) and cellular (macrophages, neutrophils) mechanisms (Katzung, 1998). All these mechanisms are non-specific, anti-microbial agents which work in conjunction with adaptive immune responses to provide a more effective system (Downie et. al., 1995). ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYThe adaptive immune system is split into two mechanisms: humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. A basic understanding of these concepts is necessary for the purpose of understanding the specific effects of different immunopharmacological agents. HUMORAL IMMUNITYHumoral or antibody-mediated immunity is associated with B-lymphocyte cells. Antigens are foreign molecules that initiate an immune response, they have inherent immunogenicity (Tortora Grabowski, 1996). Upon contact with an antigen, B-cells divide to produce a clone of plasma cells capable of the production of antibodies. Antibodies are immunoglobulins, modified blood proteins with a specific action against antigens. Five main sub-types of immunoglobulins have been identified of which IgG is the most abundant in bodily fluids (Hopkins, 1995). Several cells are known to initiate the process of plasma cell differentiation and are known collectively as antigen presenting cells (APCs) (Waller Renwick, 1994 ). We will write a custom essay on The Latest Advances In Drug Manipulations Of The I specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now LymphokinesThe antigen on the surface of the APC triggers TH-cells to produce hormone-like lymphokines (Lessof, 1993). Lymphokines are cytokines, regulators of the immune reactions which are produced by lymphocytes. Examples of these chemicals include interleukins, interferon and tumour necrosis factors. Their action involves the regulation of the proliferation, differentiation and activity of leukocytes (Dale et. al., 1994). The nature of lymphocyte stimulation will determine which class of immunoglobulin will be produced (Waller Renwick, 1994). The role of complement antibody-antigen complexesAntibodies have two distinct functions: to recognise and combine with an antigen, and to activate a defence mechanism for example by activating the complement sequence (Dale et. al., 1994). This sequence involves more than thirty proteins (Mollnes Harboe, 1996) and has the function of the destruction and removal of invading micro-organisms and subcellular debris and to promote clearance of antigen-antibody complexes (Dale et. al., 1994). These functions are achieved mainly via complements ability to attract leukocytes (Lessof, 1993). The interaction of antibody with specific antigen results in the formation of the antibody-antigen complex. This complex has several functions: for instance, to immobilise an antigen therefore preventing attack upon host cells, to block active toxic regions of particular bacteria, and to allow phagocytic attack. Memory cellsOnce the antigens have been destroyed the plasma cells disappear leaving a few as memory cells which enable a swift response upon second exposure to the antigen (Trounce, 1997). Memory cells are the basis of active immunisation against bacteria (Downie et. al., 1994). Humoral immunity is most efficient against antigens dissolved in body fluids, that is extracellular pathogens, primarily bacteria whereas cell-mediated immunity is most effective against intracellular pathogens such as viruses (Tortora ; Grabowski, 1996). CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITYCell-mediated immunity is mainly concerned with T-lymphocytes. It is this form of immunity that is thought to be responsible for tissue transplantation rejection (Tortora ; Grabowski, 1996). T-cells possess receptors upon their surface which recognise antigens, these receptors are similar to the antibodies released by B-cells. Upon contact with an antigen, T-cells produce memory and effector cells as do the B-cells. However, T-cells produce a variety of effector cells (Downie et. Al., 1995). TC-cells ; TH-cells The cells produced are mainly Cytotoxic cells (TC-Cells or CD8+) or Helper cells (TH-cells, or CD4+). TC-cells recognise and destroy virally infected host cells, hence they are also known as killer-cells (Trounce, 1997). It is also thought that cancerous cells can be destroyed by the same mechanism (Dale et. al. ,1994). TH-cells release lymphokines which activate local macrophages (Waller ; Renwick, 1994). Meaning big eaters macrophages engulf micro-organisms and secrete lysosomal enzymes, complement components and some lymphokines (Dale et, al., 1994). IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IMMUNOMODULATIONBy providing an overview of the adaptive immune responses it becomes apparent that two areas of pharmacological enquiry are of interest: immunosuppression and immunomodulation. The former concept involves developing agents that suppress the immune responses. This area is important in the treatment of organ and tissue transplant rejection and also the treatment for certain diseases resulting from immune system irregularities. The latter area involves agents that augment or alter certain components of the immune system and are therefore important in cancer and AIDS management (Katzung, 1998). NEW IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTSThe prototype immunosuppressant, cyclosporine was discovered in the 1970s Almost three decades later there is much investigation into the development of novel more effective immunosuppressive drugs (Dale et. al., 1994). Traditionally immunosuppressants have been shown to be important in prolonging the life of transplanted organs. However, purely by their nature they greatly weaken the patients defence mechanism and therefore increase the risk of infection by opportunistic pathogens (Downie et. al., 1995). Traditional thinking advocates these drugs in the treatment of autoimmune diseases where the immune system produces antibodies against various self tissues (Trounce, 1997). However, new approaches (to be discussed later) prefer the use of immunomodulators to treat these disorders. Unfortunately many immunosuppressants are non-specific and lead to therapeutic inconsistencies that produce a wide range of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variations between diff erent individuals (Kahan, 1999). Thus the latest drugs are being developed with more specificity in mind. A selection of these new drugs including mycophenalate mofetil, thalidomide, sirolimus and 15-deoxyspregualin, will be provided and their mechanisms of action, when understood, described. Mycophenolate mofetilMycophenolate Mofetil (MM) is a newly developed immunosuppressant which has been proven to be promising in the management of organ transplantation. Introduced in 1997, MM has been mainly utilised in kidney transplantation treatments in conjunction with cyclosporine and corticosteroids (Hoffman Jones-Reeder, 1998). When used in the combination described, MM has substantially reduced the incidence of kidney rejection within the first six months following transplantation (Nutley, 1995). This new drug has also been the subject of studies involving liver transplantation where it proved to reduce the incidence of rejection when combined with tacrolimus and steroids without increasing the risk of secondary infections (Jain et. al., 1997). In comparative trials with azathioprine, MM has proved to be more selective and effectively decreases episodes of rejection in renal transplant patients (Barron, 1996). In animal studies MM has been used successfully for heart and pan creatic cell transplantation but further trials are needed to prove efficacy before use on human patients. (Saltiel, 1994). Other recent studies involve the use of MM to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (Dureza et. al., 1999). Isolated from the mould penicillum glaucum (Katzung, 1998), MM, brand name cellcept, has greatly improved the ratio of immunosuppressive activity versus side effects (Hoffman Jones-Reeder, 1998). Administered orally, MM is hydrolysed to the active metabolite mycophenolic acid in the liver and gastro-intestinal tract and excreted by the kidney in urine. (Barron, 1996). By inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis via only the de nova pathway, MM can selectively inhibit T and B-cell activity (Saltiel, 1994). The result of this action leads to the prevention of T and B-cell proliferation, the inhibition of antibody formation, and the reduction of leukocyte migration to inflammatory sites common in graft rejection. .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .postImageUrl , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:hover , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:visited , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:active { border:0!important; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:active , .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u02a677be4e8f657e20d3ba3c25e8c6be:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alice's Journey to Find Her Identity EssayThe adverse effects associated with MM are mainly gastro-intestinal and include nausea, diarrhoea and vomiting (Barron, 1996) thus use in patients with known gastro-intestinal complaints should be carefully considered. As with all immunosuppressants, there may be an increased risk of secondary infection but MM does not appear to be a greater threat in this regard compared to the older more conventional drugs. It is as yet unknown if MM may be teratogenic in humans as it has been in some animal studies thus use in pregnancy is ill advised unless the potential benefit to the mother outweighs the risk to the unborn child (Barron, 1996 ). It has also been noted that there is an increased risk of the development of lymphoma and other malignancies with MM treatment which is again common with many of the immunosuppressants (Nutley, 1995). This new drug certainly appears to present less side-effects when compared to traditional immunosuppressive agents. The major drawback associated with MM is the high cost: almost five times that of the traditional immunosuppressant azathioprine. However, considering that one half of kidney transplant patients experience acute episodes of rejection during the first year after transplantation (Nutley, 1995) it would appear that the cost could be well spent in terms of the saving of lives and prevention of suffering. 15-deoxyspergualin15-Deoxyspergualin (DSG) is isolated from bacillus laterosporus and has been successful in the prevention of renal transplant rejection, and may also be beneficial in heart and pancreatic transplantations (Katzung, 1998). Recent studies have shown DSG to have a unique ability among immunosuppressive drugs to reduce long-term survival and functional tolerance of discordant islet xenografts (Thomas et. al., 1995). The potential of DSG as a treatment for autoimmune diseases is also being investigated (Tepper et. al., 1995). Indeed, DSG is proving more effective than tacrolimus (Grebenau, 1999) and less toxic than aziathropine (Thomas, 1995). The mechanisms of action are not entirely understood but appear to result from the suppression of both the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses (Tepper et. al., 1995). It appears that this new drug needs further rigorous testing but possible future applications particularly in xenografts seem to be encouraging. SirolimusSirolimus (rapamycin) is relatively similar to the more traditional immunosuppressants: tacrolimus and cyclosporine. However, it is much more potent and has distinct uses in the management of kidney and heart allografts (Katzung, 1998). Again, the possibilities of sirolimus as treatment for autoimmune diseases is currently being investigated (Grebenau, 1999) and the drug is currently in phase three trials. The mechanism of action is through cytokine signals which are required for T-cell proliferation (Valantine Schroeder, 1995), that is, Sirolimus acts as a T-cell inhibitor when used in combination with cyclosporine and steroids (Bertolatus, 2000). Major side effects include increased blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, leukopenia (decreased white blood cell count) and thrombocytopeania (decreased platelet count) (Kelly, et. al., 1997). ThalidomideThalidomide has a problematic history as it produced severe teratogenic effects when used to alleviate diarrhoea and nausea in pregnant women. However, it has since emerged as an immunosuppressant particularly useful in treatments to prevent lung transplant rejection (Katzung, 1998). Thalidomide may also prove beneficial in the treatment of HIV patients particularly those suffering from chronic weight loss as it increases the immune chemical, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (Kahan, 1999).However, mechanisms of action are not further understood and may involve a change of T-cell response to antigens (Katzung, 1998). Treatment of leukaemia is another area of possible thalidomide use (Grebenau, 1999). Obviously, this drug must not be used in the treatment of pregnant women and may also cause side-effects such as drowsiness and skin rashes (Kahan, 1999). Antibodies as immunosuppressantsMilstein and Kohler increased the pharmacological use of antibodies as immunosuppressants via hybridoma technology. This concept involves the fusing of antibody-forming and plasmacytoma cells to produce the required antibody for cloning (Katzung, 1998). The implications of such technology are far-reaching as specificity will be greatly increased using these monoclonal antibodies. As yet studies into treatments for multiple sclerosis using this technology have been inconclusive but appear to be fraught with unintended side effects (Panitch, 1996). Antilymphocyte antibodies have been utilised early after organ transplantation and have had beneficial short term effects but the long term outcomes have been disappointing (Valantine ; Schroeder, 1995). IMMUNOMODULATIONThe immunomodulation branch of pharmacology involves boosting the immune system rather than suppressing it, by using agents to augment the immune response. The potential uses of immunomodulation include the treatment of immunodeficiency disorders, chronic infectious diseases, cancer and AIDS (Katzung 1998). Many cancer patients do not die directly from their cancer but from a secondary infection. It has also been discovered that in the United States of America sixty-five million people suffer from a dysfunctional immune system which can lead to chronic viral infections, AIDS, cancer and autoimmune diseases (Beardsley, 1997)Immmunomodulation ; autoimmune diseaseTraditionally, it has been thought that stimulating the immune system will be harmful for sufferers of autoimmune disorders as it will exacerbate the bodys attack upon self cells. However, recent research suggests that autoimmune diseases maybe due to the dysregulation of the immune system, and that poor thymus functioning results in T4Helper cells losing control of humoral immunity so that antibodies lose their specificity and attack host cells (Beardsley, 1997). Thus immunomodulation in this area could be highly effective. It must be stated that this is merely a theory and that extensive testing is still needed in this area before such drugs can be used safely to treat these disorders. It would appear that immunomodulation is a new and exciting area to be explored with many potential benefits. A selection of these new drugs including levamisole, thymic peptides, roquinimex, and cyclophosphamide will be described in more detail. LevamisoleLevamisole (eramisole) is an immunomodulating agent administered orally with the effect of increasing the number of T-cells. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Hodgkins disease, and is approved by the FDA for the treatment of colorectal cancer after surgery. Recently, levamisole has been tested in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with some efficacy. The side effects involved include mild nausea, stomach pain, dizziness, headache and fatigue (Katzung, 1998). It would appear that there is insufficient research concerning this drug, thus the likelihood that it will be marketed for clinical use in the near future is markedly reduced. Thymosin other thymic peptidesThymic activity is critical to T cell maturation, only mature cells can effectively combat cancer cells and infectious agents. Thymosin conveys specificity to immature lymphoid stem cells and therefore increases the number of active T-cells (Katzung, 1998). However, it has not been yet approved by the FDA (Beardsley, 1997) despite its successes in trials in treatment of diseases of T-cell deficiency such as DiGeorges syndrome (Katzung, 1998). Thymic protein A has proved beneficial in the treatment of hepatitis C, cancer and certain immune disorders via the stimulation of the cell mediated immune system (Beardsley, 1997). Thymopentin and Thymic humoral factor have also been used to treat AIDS as well as cancer and hepatitis. However, other trials suggest that thymosin may stimulate the pituitary-adrenal system, resulting in an increase of serum corticosteroids and the decrease of thymic hormone production. Therefore the impairment of the immune functioni ng will result from thymic treatments rather than the intended increase of the immune response (Bard et. al., 1990) Such new immunomodulators certainly need extensive research before a more suitable form can be identified. CyclophosphamideCyclophosphamide (cytoxan, neosar) is traditionally an immunosuppressant used to suppress a variety of humoral and cell-mediated immune functions (Dale et. al., 1994). However, new developments have proved the immunomodulating function of the drug. Low doses given prior to immunisation with a tumour vaccine can augment the immune response (Katzung, 1998). As such, cyclophosphamide can be used to treat Hodgkins disease, lymphomas, leukemias and other tumours. Rheumatoid arthritis can also be treated by the immunomodulating features of this drug which can be achieved at higher doses than are necessary for immunosuppression (Shorthouse, 1996). Recently, this drug has been used in trials to treat chronic -progressive multiple sclerosis. However, the be nefits proved to be inadequate in balance with the side-effects which included hair loss, fever, oral ulcers (Panitch, 1996), nausea, vomiting, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and anorexia (Shorthouse, 1996). Teratogenic effects make the drug unsuitable for pregnant or breast feeding women and long term toxicities include bladder cancer and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (Panitsh, 1996). In conclusion it appears cyclophosphamide may have some benefit in short-term immunomodulation, particularly as a cytotoxic agent, but long term, high doses will produce a plethora of side effects. .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .postImageUrl , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:hover , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:visited , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:active { border:0!important; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:active , .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u497a498383f6eb84b93ea35fd8c41c4b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Observation Report of A Child At Elementary School EssayTHC marijuanaTrials in the United States of America in 1995 have tested the use of marijuana in immunomodulation. THC is the component of interest in marijuana which has been demonstrated to enhance the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from macrophages. The study has also found impairment of immunological functions in persistent marijuana smokers. However, the conclusion is that THC is an excellent tool for studying the mechanisms of immunomodulation, especially altered susceptibility to microbial infection (Friedman et. al., 1995) but further intensive study is needed. RoquinimexRoquinimex (linomide) is not an immunosuppressant, it activates lymphocyte and natural killer cells, therefore acting as an immunomodulator (Panitch, 1996). By stimulating a variety of B and T-cell functions it has been used to treat acute and chronic relapsing multiple sclerosis, with a marked reduction in relapses, disease activity and progression (Katzung, 1998). Although the mechanisms of action themselves are not fully understood it is thought that via activating T-cells these drugs stimulates the production of regulatory cytokines that suppress inflammation and prevent myelin deterioration (Panitch, 1996). Trials in prostate tumour treatment have proved that roquinimex is the most effective drug with a sixty-nine percent inhibition of tumour growth (Joseph ; Isaccs, 1998). Thus roquinimex is emerging as a promising new treatment for cancer and multiple sclerosis. CONCLUSIONTo conclude, recent literature suggests that research into immunosuppression is more wide spread than in the area of immunomodulation. This newer concept certainly needs further investigation but has many potential benefits especially in the treatment of AIDS. Many other agents such as new vaccines and alternatives to antibiotics are being developed, unfortunately due to certain constraints they are beyond the scope of this review. 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